Spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine (clock-like signature)
Activity of APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases
Defective homologous recombination DNA damage repair
Polimerase eta somatic hypermutation activity
Polymerase epsilon exonuclease domain mutations
Concurrent polymerase epsilon mutation and defective DNA mismatch repair
Concurrent POLD1 mutations and defective DNA mismatch repair
Defective DNA base excision repair due to NTHL1 mutations
Defective DNA base excision repair due to MUTYH mutations
Activity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)
Indirect effects of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)
Colibactin exposure (E.coli bacteria carrying pks pathogenicity island)